Intelligence emerges across biological scales, from the adaptive behaviour of cells to the complex dynamics of neural circuits and whole organisms. We explore how “intelligence” manifests in health and disease, bringing together molecular pathology and neurodegenerative disease research. The panel examines how cells sense and respond to stress, how neural systems adapt or fail in ALS, and how this informs new therapeutic strategies. Connecting fundamental biology with clinical challenges and broader societal implications, the event aims to deepen public understanding and encourage dialogue.